Lesson 10 – Grammar Notes
This file contains grammar explanations for Minna no Nihongo Lesson 10, with Japanese examples (with spaces and furigana in parentheses) and English translations.
1. N + が + /
(N + is + has/exists)
(Existence verbs)
is used to indicate the existence of inanimate objects, plants, and places.
is used to indicate the existence of animate beings, such as people and animals.
Examples:
2. N₁ (place) に N₂ が /
(Location + existence)
This pattern indicates the location (N₁) where something (N₂) exists. The particle
に
marks the location.
Examples:
📝
私(わたし) の 部屋(へや) に 机(つくえ) が あります。
There is a desk in my room.
Mr. Miller is in the office.
Asking "what" or "who" is at a location:
What is there in the basement?
❓
受付(うけつけ) に 誰(だれ) が います か。
Who is at the reception desk?
3. N₁ は N₂ (place) に /
(N₁ は N₂ (place) に has/exists)
(Topic + location)
When stating the location of N₁,
は
is used to mark N₁ as the topic.
Examples:
📝
東京(とうきょう)ディズニーランド は 千葉県(ちばけん) に あります。
Tokyo Disneyland is in Chiba Prefecture.
Mr. Miller is in the office.
Asking "where" N₁ is:
❓
東京(とうきょう)ディズニーランド は どこ に あります か。
Where is Tokyo Disneyland?
…It's in Chiba Prefecture.
Note: です can sometimes replace a verb predicate when the predicate is obvious. For example, "N₁ は N₂(place) です" can be used as an alternative to "N₁ は N₂(place) にあります/います."
4. N₁ (thing/person/place) の N₂ (position)
(N₁ (thing/person/place) の N₂ (position))
(Positional nouns)
Nouns denoting position can be used after
の
to indicate relative location. Common positional nouns include:
- (above, on)
- (below, under)
- (front, before)
- (back, behind)
- (right)
- (left)
- (inside)
- (outside)
- (next to)
- (near, vicinity)
- (between, among)
Examples:
📝
机(つくえ) の 上(うえ) に 写真(しゃしん) が あります。
There is a picture on the desk.
📝
郵便局(ゆうびんきょく) は 銀行(ぎんこう) の 隣(となり) に あります。
The post office is next to the bank.
📝
駅(えき) の 近(ちか)く で 友達(ともだち) に 会(あ)いました。
I met a friend near the station.
Note: Particles like で can also follow these place nouns, not just に.
5. N₁ +
や
+ N₂
(や particle for listing)
The particle
や
connects nouns in a coordinate relation, indicating a few representative items rather than an exhaustive list.
など
can be added after the last noun to emphasize that the list is not complete.
Examples:
📝
箱(はこ) の 中(なか) に 手紙(てがみ) や 写真(しゃしん) など が あります。
There are letters, pictures and so on in the box.
📝
部屋(へや) に 机(つくえ) や ベッド など が あります。
There are a desk, a bed, and so on in the room.
6. Word (s) ですか
(Word (s) ですか)
(か for confirmation)
The particle
か
can be used to confirm a word or words that the speaker has just heard or is unsure about.
Example:
❓
すみません、ユニューヤ・ストア は どこ に あります か。
Excuse me, but where is Yunyu-ya Store?
…ユニューヤ・ストア ですか。あの ビル に あります。
…Yunyu-ya Store? It's in that building.
7. チリソースはありませんか
(チリソースはありませんか)
(Negative question form for politeness)
Using the negative form
ありませんか
(instead of
) is a more indirect and polite way to ask, showing preparedness for a negative answer.
Examples:
Do you have chili sauce? (more polite than チリソースはありますか)
…Yes, we do. It's in the back.
Is there a spice corner? (more polite form)
…Yes, there is. It's over there.