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Lesson 10 - Grammar

Existence

Grammar

Lesson 10: Existence

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Lesson 10 – Grammar Notes

This file contains grammar explanations for Minna no Nihongo Lesson 10, with Japanese examples (with spaces and furigana in parentheses) and English translations.

1. N + が +
あります
/
います

(N + is + has/exists)

(Existence verbs)

あります
is used to indicate the existence of inanimate objects, plants, and places.
います
is used to indicate the existence of animate beings, such as people and animals.
Examples:
📝
パソコン あります
There is a computer.
📝
(さくら) (き) あります
There are cherry trees.
📝
公園(こうえん) あります
There is a park.
📝
(おとこ) (ひと) います
There is a man.
📝
(いぬ) います
There is a dog.

2. N₁ (place) に N₂ が
あります
/
います

(Location + existence)

This pattern indicates the location (N₁) where something (N₂) exists. The particle
marks the location.
Examples:
📝
(わたし) 部屋(へや) (つくえ) あります
There is a desk in my room.
📝
事務所(じむしょ) ミラーさん います
Mr. Miller is in the office.
Asking "what" or "who" is at a location:
地下(ちか) (なに) あります
What is there in the basement?
レストラン あります
…There are restaurants.
受付(うけつけ) (だれ) います
Who is at the reception desk?
木村(きむら)さん います
…Ms. Kimura is there.

3. N₁ は N₂ (place) に
あります
/
います

(N₁ は N₂ (place) に has/exists)

(Topic + location)

When stating the location of N₁,
is used to mark N₁ as the topic.
Examples:
📝
東京(とうきょう)ディズニーランド 千葉県(ちばけん) あります
Tokyo Disneyland is in Chiba Prefecture.
📝
ミラーさん 事務所(じむしょ) います
Mr. Miller is in the office.
Asking "where" N₁ is:
東京(とうきょう)ディズニーランド どこ あります
Where is Tokyo Disneyland?
千葉県(ちばけん) あります
…It's in Chiba Prefecture.
ミラーさん どこ います
Where is Mr. Miller?
事務所(じむしょ) います
…He's in the office.
Note: です can sometimes replace a verb predicate when the predicate is obvious. For example, "N₁ は N₂(place) です" can be used as an alternative to "N₁ は N₂(place) にあります/います."

4. N₁ (thing/person/place) の N₂ (position)

(N₁ (thing/person/place) の N₂ (position))

(Positional nouns)

Nouns denoting position can be used after
to indicate relative location. Common positional nouns include:
  • うえ /
    (above, on)
  • した /
    (below, under)
  • まえ /
    (front, before)
  • うしろ
    (back, behind)
  • みぎ /
    (right)
  • ひだり /
    (left)
  • なか /
    (inside)
  • そと /
    (outside)
  • となり /
    (next to)
  • ちかく /
    (near, vicinity)
  • あいだ /
    (between, among)
Examples:
📝
(つくえ) (うえ) 写真(しゃしん) あります
There is a picture on the desk.
📝
郵便局(ゆうびんきょく) 銀行(ぎんこう) (となり) あります
The post office is next to the bank.
📝
(えき) (ちか) 友達(ともだち) (あ)いました
I met a friend near the station.
Note: Particles like で can also follow these place nouns, not just に.

5. N₁ +
+ N₂

(や particle for listing)

The particle
connects nouns in a coordinate relation, indicating a few representative items rather than an exhaustive list.
など
can be added after the last noun to emphasize that the list is not complete.
Examples:
📝
(はこ) (なか) 手紙(てがみ) 写真(しゃしん) など あります
There are letters, pictures and so on in the box.
📝
部屋(へや) (つくえ) ベッド など あります
There are a desk, a bed, and so on in the room.

6. Word (s) ですか

(Word (s) ですか)

(か for confirmation)

The particle
can be used to confirm a word or words that the speaker has just heard or is unsure about.
Example:
すみませんユニューヤ・ストア どこ あります
Excuse me, but where is Yunyu-ya Store?
ユニューヤ・ストア ですかあの ビル あります
…Yunyu-ya Store? It's in that building.

7. チリソースはありませんか

(チリソースはありませんか)

(Negative question form for politeness)

Using the negative form
ありませんか
(instead of
ありますか
) is a more indirect and polite way to ask, showing preparedness for a negative answer.
Examples:
チリソース ありません
Do you have chili sauce? (more polite than チリソースはありますか)
はいあります(おく) あります
…Yes, we do. It's in the back.
スパイス・コーナー ありません
Is there a spice corner? (more polite form)
はいありますあそこ あります
…Yes, there is. It's over there.

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